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.. menu home artificial intelligence econometrics finance java publications unix maths and algorithms .. resources books references links .. personal details about contact .. finance and economics: market turmoil it should have been more than a year and a half, when i attended a finance and economics lecture, somewhere in central london. the lecturer, a smart and well-educated guy, with a high level of confidence pointed out that “... advances in computing and financial engineering allow us to minimize risk ... nowadays; we are able to talk about totally risk free assets ...". coming back to the future, it seems that old fashioned theories still hold. returns reflect future states of affairs, they are just expectations coupled with uncertainty and risk remains the central piece of the puzzle. as risk increases, violent moves, in financial markets, are unavoidable. this, in turn, makes investors to be worried and forces them to sell what they can, in an attempt, to minimize risk exposure and raise cash. evidently, supply of these assets increases while demand seems to decrease. for example, barclays capital placed $970 million of leveraged loans on sale last month. however, only 30% of them were sold. in a similar fashion, hedge funds started facing pressure from their clients after last year's poor performance while strategies like "carry trade" have also been affected. an interesting article that describes the current situation along with further observations is published in the economist , 30 october 2008 (print edition). .. finance: pricing options using black scholes and java options are a sub-class of a wider financial class known as contingent claims. a contingent claim is any asset whose future payoff is depended on the outcome of an uncertain event. for example, the event may correspond to a stock share price (i.e. stock option). an option gives the owner the right to buy (call) or sell (put), the underlying asset at a given, pre-agreed price. the right to exercise an option can take place at its expiration date (european options) or earlier (american options). the value of an option can be estimated using various quantitative techniques. as its value is contingent on the outcome of the underlying asset which in turn is uncertain, stochastic calculus and assumptions such as risk neutrality and log-normal distribution of returns, are being adopted. using the most basic option pricing model that was developed, in the early 70s, by f. black and m. scholes, we provide an implementation using the java programming language. black and scholes assumed no dividend payments in their model. however, merton (1973) modified the model by allowing a constant continuous dividend yield. the java applet implementation, deals with the original model and its modification. note that merton's modified model can be used for pricing currency options, as well. for example, when the underlying asset is a currency, ‘d’ parameter (that reflect dividend payment) should now correspond to the foreign risk-free rate. .. finance: pricing semi-annual coupon bonds an alternative way of investing corresponds to bonds (also known as fixed-income) which reflect more safety and stability. bonds are issued by governments or corporations and sold to investors who, in turn, become creditors of these organisations. bond ownership means that investors (creditors) receive interest returns as the issuer is obliged to make periodic payments. these interest payments are based on predetermined rates while upon maturity the issuer has to return the amount borrowed back to the owner. since, (market) interest rates are not constant, bond values also change. for example, when interest rates increase, (new) bond prices decrease while (old) bonds’ yield (actual return) increases and vice versa. to this extend, valuing contracts that promise a stream of known cash flows can be accomplished by decomposing any contract into its component cash flows, value each of them separately and add them up. the basic building block for this kind of valuation is known as pure discount bonds. these bonds promise a single payment at some time in the future. alternatively, pure discount bonds (also known as zero coupon bonds) do not make any periodic interest payments. in this report, we present an approach of valuing semi-annual bonds. .. java computing: memory management memory management is an essential programming language task that traditionally was delegated to software engineers. for example, a c++ class implementation requires the provision of two essential methods. the first, known as constructors, deal with the initialisation of newly instantiated objects. whilst, the second, known as destructors, manages the removal of instantiated objects (destruction) from the heap (memory). the java programming language introduced a different approach to memory management. in short, java classes do not have destructors. instead, garbage collector(s) (that run as threads) continuously monitor applications and delete objects that are not useful any more. this approach which is coupled with several advantages, did not allow developers to provide any code that deals or overwrites the garbage collection process. in relatively small applications, it seems this is acceptable. however, in large and resource demanding applications where performance and reliability is important, alternative solutions are essential. to this end, java introduced the references api that provides a better approach or enhanced approach to memory management. this tutorial discusses the difference between strong and weak references, explores the references api and reference queues while it illustrates examples, for better understanding. .. java computing: object cloning in java the complexity of modelling real word aspects provided the initial impetus for the development of methodologies in which the central element is the term ‘object ’. to this extend, inheritance, abstraction and modularity are principles that were introduced in order to provide means for conceiving, designing and implementing fully fledged object oriented systems. for example, a class can inherit state and behaviour from higher classes while it may contain as members other object types. in object oriented programming languages, like in real world, there are situations where we need to obtain a copy of an object. typically, cloning takes place when objects should be used as parameters or return values of public methods. if you return an object that is part of a class’s internal state, you may wish to return a copy instead of the original one, so that you avoid accidental or deliberative changes accomplished by callers. in case, you pass an object as a parameter, you may do not want the caller to be able to modify you object. moreover, sometimes you may need to create a clone as you do not know who else might have a reference of it. copying or preferably cloning in java, is accomplished by using the object.clone() method which is implemented as protected in the object class. this topic examines the notion of cloning and the important components related to it. in addition, it explains the difference between shallow and deep copies while it provides several examples in order to demonstrate how cloning can be accomplished. www.q-squared.co.uk 2008 ioannis svigkos

URL analysis for q-squared.co.uk

http://www.q-squared.co.uk/finance/pricing_semi_annual_bonds.pdf
http://www.q-squared.co.uk/artificial_intelligence.html
http://www.q-squared.co.uk/index1.html
http://www.q-squared.co.uk/publications.html
http://www.q-squared.co.uk/books.html
http://www.q-squared.co.uk/links.html
http://www.q-squared.co.uk/finance.html
http://www.q-squared.co.uk/unix.html
http://www.q-squared.co.uk/algo.html
http://www.q-squared.co.uk/java.html
http://www.q-squared.co.uk/about.html
http://www.q-squared.co.uk/references.html
http://www.q-squared.co.uk/econometrics.html

Whois Information

Whois is a protocol that is access to registering information. You can reach when the website was registered, when it will be expire, what is contact details of the site with the following informations. In a nutshell, it includes these informations;

Domain name:
q-squared.co.uk

Registrant:
Ioannis Svigkos

Registrant type:
UK Individual

Registrant's address:
The registrant is a non-trading individual who has opted to have their
address omitted from the WHOIS service.

Data validation:
Nominet was able to match the registrant's name and address against a 3rd party data source on 19-Sep-2013

Registrar:
1 & 1 Internet SE [Tag = 1AND1]
URL: https://www.1and1.co.uk

Relevant dates:
Registered on: 18-Nov-2008
Expiry date: 18-Nov-2018
Last updated: 17-Nov-2016

Registration status:
Registered until expiry date.

Name servers:
ns59.1and1.co.uk 217.160.80.169 2001:08d8:00fe:0053:0000:d9a0:50a9:0100
ns60.1and1.co.uk 217.160.81.169 2001:08d8:00fe:0053:0000:d9a0:51a9:0100

WHOIS lookup made at 13:06:21 05-Oct-2017

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  REFERRER http://www.nominet.org.uk

  REGISTRAR Nominet UK

SERVERS

  SERVER co.uk.whois-servers.net

  ARGS q-squared.co.uk

  PORT 43

  TYPE domain

OWNER

  ORGANIZATION Ioannis Svigkos

TYPE
UK Individual

ADDRESS
The registrant is a non-trading individual who has opted to have their
address omitted from the WHOIS service.
Data validation:
Nominet was able to match the registrant's name and address against a 3rd party data source on 19-Sep-2013

DOMAIN

  SPONSOR 1 & 1 Internet SE [Tag = 1AND1]

  CREATED 2008-11-18

  CHANGED 2016-11-17

STATUS
Registered until expiry date.

NSERVER

  NS59.1AND1.CO.UK 217.160.80.169

  NS60.1AND1.CO.UK 217.160.81.169

  NAME q-squared.co.uk

DISCLAIMER
This WHOIS information is provided for free by Nominet UK the central registry
for .uk domain names. This information and the .uk WHOIS are:
Copyright Nominet UK 1996 - 2017.
You may not access the .uk WHOIS or use any data from it except as permitted
by the terms of use available in full at http://www.nominet.uk/whoisterms,
which includes restrictions on: (A) use of the data for advertising, or its
repackaging, recompilation, redistribution or reuse (B) obscuring, removing
or hiding any or all of this notice and (C) exceeding query rate or volume
limits. The data is provided on an 'as-is' basis and may lag behind the
register. Access may be withdrawn or restricted at any time.

  REGISTERED yes

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